Hi, I'm a electrical engineers student at a final year of master's degree. I have experience in digital, analog electronics, embedded system and PCB design. I can provide you with complete solution.
I would suggest using buzzer with high enough Sound Level to meet your constraints. Then you could use low end microcontroller to generate PWM signal which would be filtered (so it produce nicer beep) then amplified and feed to the buzzer. There shouldn't be any problem to make system capable to play more then just one type of a beep. Also we can try to experiment with real sound, record something like horn in .wav file, then store it in microcontroller's ROM so it can be played afterwards.
As for the price. 10 USD for buzzer should be enough, and for electronic components and PCB I would expect it should be somewhere between 5 and 10 USD.
Regards, Vladimir.